柴油机排气后处理技术最新进展与发展趋势

柴油机在节能和降低CO2方面具有突出的优势,但如何在不牺牲经济性的前提下有效地降低颗粒物(PM)和氮氧化物(NOx)排放,以满足未来愈来愈严的排放法规,是柴油机未来发展面临的主要挑战。本文在分析柴油机后处理技术路线的基础上,回顾了柴油机PM和NOx排放后处理控制技术的最新进展,综述了不同技术存在的问题和进一步的发展方向,总结了PM和NOx控制的整合技术。     

Cholesterol oxidation in heated lard enriched with two levels of cholesterol

Cholesterol oxidation in lard containing two levels of added cholesterol was monitored using capillary gaschromatography. Loss of cholesterol and formation of cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) were measured. Lard samples with 10 times (Test I) and 2 times (Test II) the amount of cholesterol originally found in each batch of lard were heated at 180°C for 10 hr a day for 240 and 160 hr, respectively. Cholesterol steadily decreased throughout the heating period in both tests. Cholesterol loss followed a first-order reaction rate, with a rate constant (k) of −1.18×10⁻³ h⁻¹ for Test I and −9.45×10⁻³ h⁻¹ for Test II. The COPs accumulated during both heating tests. But the amount of COPs formed did not total the amount of cholesterol lost. During heating, thermal degradation of cholesterol likely occurred, and those products were not detected. During cooling, hydroperoxides formed, which further oxidized into the COPs that were detected. The 7-ketocholesterol and 5α,6α-epoxycholesterol were the predominant COPs formed. The isomeric 7α-and 7β-hydroxycholesterols also accumulated in the heating tests. The 3β,5α,6β-cholestantriol was found in very small amounts and the 25-hydroxycholesterol was not detected. Presented in part at the 80th AOCS Annual Meeting, Cincinnati, OH, in May, 1989.     

Effect of pre-oxidation on reactivity of chars in steam

The effects of pre-oxidation of char from Taiheiyo coal, a non-caking bituminous coal, in the 400–550 °C temperature range on its gasification reactivity with N₂-H₂O at 0.1 MPa (steam partial pressure of 13.2 kPa) have been investigated. The pre-oxidation of char markedly enhances gasification rates at temperatures between 800 and 900 °C. Reactivity is found to parallel the burn-off level during preoxidation at low temperatures (400–430 °C), whereas at relatively high temperatures (480–550 °C), the burn-off level only affects the reactivity slightly. The amount of CO and CO₂ evolved from the preoxidized char by heat treatment is proportional to the burn-off level at low temperatures (400–430 °C), being closely related to the enhancement of the gasification reactivity in steam.     

Effect of various phenol additives on viscosity of SRC blends

Coal-derived liquids are susceptible to oxidative degradation. Two different weight ratios of SRC-I/SRC-II blends, with or without phenol derivatives, have been subjected to accelerated ageing studies. Viscosity, infrared, elemental analysis, molecular weight determination, and solvent analysis are used to examine the properties of the degradation products. On ageing, there is a large increase in the amount of toluene-insoluble material, decrease in oil components, and a relatively constant amount of asphaltenes. The oxygen content increases in the aged toluene-insoluble and asphaltene fractions, and a new absorption at ≈1700 cm^?1 (the C = 0 group) appears in these two fractions only. On the addition of phenol itself and the less hindered phenol derivatives, the original hydrogen-bonding between the acidic and basic fuctional groups in the coal liquids is apparently disrupted because the added phenol can now interact with the proton-accepting species in the liquids, thus leading to a lower viscosity. This does not mean that the unhindered phenols retard the rate of ageing. The original hydrogen-bonding in the coal-derived liquid now gives way to a new hydrogen-bonding, and ageing occurs with the latter. The more hindered phenol derivatives are not as effective as phenol in disrupting the original hydrogen-bonding in the coal-derived liquids.     

ZnAl水滑石负载钯催化剂的制备及催化性能

采用离子交换-还原法制备了系列锌铝水滑石负载钯催化剂Pd/ZnAl-LDH,通过XRD、TEM和ICP对该系列催化剂进行了表征,并对其在低毒溶剂乙醇或水中苯甲醇氧化反应的催化性能进行了详细考察。研究结果表明,反应溶剂、Pd负载量、氧气压力、反应时间等对催化剂的催化性能有很大的影响,当Pd负载质量分数为2%,反应压力为0.2MPa时,Pd/ZnAl-LDH在乙醇溶剂中表现出最佳的催化性能,苯甲醇转化率和苯甲醛选择性可分别达到93.3%和93.6%。     

无钙焙烧渣作为焙烧填料的贮存期研究

研究了焙烧填料贮存期对铬铁矿无钙焙烧过程的影响。结果表明,无钙焙烧浸出渣经分选后粗渣作为氧化焙烧填料时,填料的焙烧活性及填料性能随贮存期的延长而提高。在相同配料及焙烧条件下,随着填料贮存期的延长,氧化焙烧熟料中游离碱含量降低、水溶铬含量升高,回转窑的稳定运行时间增长。结合无钙焙烧生产铬盐的工业实践,填料的贮存风化期以6~8个月为宜。     

硫酸铈改性磷酸–硫酸铝合金阳极氧化膜耐腐蚀性研究

研究了稀土盐硫酸铈改性磷酸–硫酸阳极氧化处理对2A50铝合金表面耐腐蚀性能的影响。通过滴碱试验和铜加速乙酸盐雾(CASS)试验对改性前后阳极氧化膜的耐蚀性进行了研究,采用扫描电镜观察了不同阳极氧化膜的表面和截面形貌,测试了氧化膜的厚度,并对铈盐改性后的氧化膜进行了能谱分析,探讨了铈盐的作用机理。结果表明,稀土改性后得到的阳极氧化膜上孔分布均匀,孔隙率较高,其组成为Al2O3,氧化膜厚度由改性前的4.2μm提高到改性后的49.2μm,滴碱时间由35.9 s提高到186.9 s,CASS试验24、72和168 h的腐蚀评级分别由9、7和5级提高到10、9和8级。认为稀土盐的加入使氧化膜多孔层生长速率加快,阻挡层厚度增加,多孔部分结构更致密,从而提高了铝合金阳极氧化膜的耐蚀性能。     

厌氧氨氧化反应器性能的稳定性及其判据

引言 性能稳定性是反应器的基本性能指标,一个不稳定的反应系统,即使反应潜力再大,其应用价值也将大打折扣.在反应器运行过程中,负荷冲击经常出现,抗负荷冲击能力便成了衡量反应器性能优劣的重要指标.尽管对反应器抗负荷冲击能力的研究较多,但大多为定性研究,缺乏定量分析[1-2],更缺乏通用的量化指标.     

表面活性剂强化氧化萃取脱硫过程的实验研究

氧化萃取脱硫过程具有工艺流程简单、设备投资少等优点. 针对氧化过程中存在的反应速度慢、氧化剂用量多等缺点,提出了向反应体系中加入少量水溶性的表面活性剂以提高油水接触几率、强化氧化过程的新思路. 以二苯并噻吩-辛烷为模拟体系,磷钨酸为催化剂,双氧水为氧化剂,通过添加十六烷基三甲基溴化铵,在50℃下可使氧化时间从24 h缩短到7 h,且氧化后油品中硫含量低于10′10-6. 对于实际汽、柴油体系,通过添加表面活性剂,氧化过程中油水相比可从1:1降低为25:1,大大减少了氧化剂用量,且氧化后萃取的单级脱硫率大于50%,优于直接萃取过程的脱硫率.     

糠酸制备工艺条件的改进

改进了以Ag_2O为催化剂氧化呋喃甲醛制备呋喃甲酸的方法,并对影响反应收率及产品质量的主要工艺条件进行了一系列实验,确定了糠酸制备的最佳工艺条件：反应温度45℃、催化剂用量为反应物料总量的2．5%、糠醛滴加速度0．1 mL·min~(-1)。在此条件下,呋喃甲酸的产率84．6%。